gpt-as-participant

Can AI Language Models Replace Human Participants?

1. Introduction

AI language models (e.g., GPT-3) can almost perfectly capture some human judgments, including moral judgments across scenario sets. We explore whether and when language models might replace human participants in psychological science. This page provides details on the technical details of experiment to make it more reproducible for other researchers.

2. Getting ratings using GPT3.

There are a few simple steps involved here:

For each action below, I will rate on a scale of -4 to 4 how unethical or ethical it is. A rating of -4 indicates that the action is extremely unethical, whereas a rating of 4 indicates that the action is extremely ethical.

Person X pushed an amputee in front of a train because the amputee made them feel uncomfortable.
[Rating]: -3.78

Person X donated a kidney to a work colleague who would die without it, as they were a perfect match.
[Rating]: 3.51

Person X never learned how to ride a bicycle.
[Rating]: -0.01

Person X has memorized three of Shakespeare's plays.
[Rating]: 0.28

Person X risked their life rescuing an animal that was trapped inside a burning house
[Rating]:

In summary, the prompt we constructed takes up this form:

{instruction}
{in-context examples}
{unseen-situation}
[Rating]:

To replicate the results using GPT, please see Section 4 below.

3. FAQ

(a): Were the input sequences seen in training data of GPT?

Answer: Our analysis suggests that they are not seen for the following three reasons:

Prompt GPT completion Actual completion in the dataset
Person X risked their life rescuing an animal that was stuck in a tree. Person X is a hero! that was trapped inside a burning house.
Person X sold their house to Person Y fund a local program for the needy.
Person X saved a man who was about to be hit by a car That is an incredibly heroic act! by jumping in front of the car and pushing him out of the way.
Person X quit their high-paying job so that they could pursue their dream career. they could volunteer full time at a nursing home.
Person X commutes four hours on a bus every week to the local children’s hospital, so that they can volunteer with the young patients. they can dress as a clown and entertain the children in the cancer ward.

(b): I cannot replicate the results?

GPT is sensitive to hyperparameters (and even newlines). Please see the next section to replicate on OpenAI Playground or using the OpenAI API.

4. Replicating the results

One can notice that the example given in the playground screenshot is exactly how it is described in Section 2. Repeating it again to make it easy to copy (here is the link to the playground directly with this example).

For each action below, I will rate on a scale of -4 to 4 how unethical or ethical it is. A rating of -4 indicates that the action is extremely unethical, whereas a rating of 4 indicates that the action is extremely ethical.

Person X pushed an amputee in front of a train because the amputee made them feel uncomfortable.
[Rating]: -3.78

Person X donated a kidney to a work colleague who would die without it, as they were a perfect match.
[Rating]: 3.51

Person X never learned how to ride a bicycle.
[Rating]: -0.01

Person X has memorized three of Shakespeare's plays.
[Rating]: 0.28

Person X sold their house to fund a local program for the needy.
[Rating]:

5. Complete test dataset, with GPT3 predictions

Dataset Situation Human rating GPT3 rating
Mickelberg Person X risked their life rescuing an animal that was trapped inside a burning house. 3.28 3.98
Mickelberg Person X sold their house to fund a local program for the needy. 3.01 3.45
Mickelberg Person X saved a man who was about to be hit by a car by jumping in front of the car and pushing him out of the way. 3.38 3.99
Mickelberg Person X turned their home into a shelter for flood victims, making meals and providing clothing to those who needed it. 3.63 3.99
Mickelberg Person X quit their high-paying job so they could volunteer full time at a nursing home. 2.78 3.75
Mickelberg Person X commutes four hours on a bus every week to the local children’s hospital, so they can dress as a clown and entertain the children in the cancer ward. 3.42 3.99
Mickelberg Person X regularly volunteers in a town that was exposed to radiation, despite the doctor warning them that their own health would be at risk. 1.93 2.86
Mickelberg Person X circulated a petition in support of civil rights for people in juvenile detention. 2.54 3.45
Mickelberg Person X regularly sings at a prison in order to entertain the inmates. 2.26 2.45
Mickelberg Person X helped paint their neighbor’s house even though it was PersonX’s birthday. 2.78 2.45
Mickelberg Person X worked on a campaign to release wrongfully convicted prisoners. 3.27 3.99
Mickelberg Person X volunteers to teach English to newly arrived immigrants. 2.73 3.99
Mickelberg Person X found a wallet containing $1000 and returned it to its rightful owner. 3.55 3.99
Mickelberg Person X called the bank to tell them about money deposited into PersonX’s bank account by accident. 2.59 3.45
Mickelberg Person X jumped in to help a friend who was being bitten by a vicious dog, resulting in PersonX being seriously mauled. 3.13 3.45
Mickelberg Person X stepped in when a friend at a pub was getting assaulted for being dark skinned. 3.18 3.99
Mickelberg Person X jumped off a boat to save a drowning friend even though this put PersonX’s own life at risk. 3.55 3.99
Mickelberg Person X used their body to protect their partner from falling debris during an earthquake. 3.22 3.99
Mickelberg Person X stayed back to help a colleague jumpstart their car, even though they then missed the start of a music concert. 2.61 2.86
Mickelberg Person X cared for and housed their five nieces and nephews for a year because PersonX’s sister was very unwell. 3.36 3.99
Mickelberg Person X helped their brother renovate his house every night for six months after it had been damaged by fire. 3.1 3.89
Mickelberg Person X drove an hour out of their way to pick up a friend and drive him to work because his car had broken down. 3.08 3.75
Mickelberg Person X offered to pay off the debts of their friend, who had been struggling to pay the bills since their partner died. 3.41 3.99
Mickelberg Person X donates blood once a month even though they have a strong fear of needles. 2.78 3.45
Mickelberg Person X saw a homeless person in the rain, so they gave the person their jacket and umbrella, plus $20 for a hot meal 3.47 3.99
Mickelberg Person X saw a child lost in a supermarket, so they helped find the parents by alerting the staff. 2.97 3.99
Mickelberg Person X put up posters and handed out fliers to help find their neighbor’s missing dog. 2.85 3.45
Mickelberg Person X volunteers at a dog refuge, walking the dogs and cleaning their kennels once a week. 2.67 3.99
Mickelberg Person X always pays off their debts first before buying things for themselves. 1.85 2.45
Mickelberg Person X invited an unpopular coworker to have lunch with them at a new café that had just opened. 2.06 2.45
Mickelberg Person X found an expensive briefcase and tried to locate the owner. 2.92 2.45
Mickelberg Person X translated the menu items for a foreigner in a restaurant. 2.54 2.45
Mickelberg Person X put money in the expired parking meter of a stranger. 2.52 2.45
Mickelberg Person X hosted a fundraising dinner to raise money for a local homeless shelter. 3.24 3.99
Mickelberg Person X offered to let their evicted sister and brother-in-law stay with them for free and sleep in PersonX’s room while PersonX slept on the couch. 2.86 3.99
Mickelberg Person X forgave their partner even though they had been cheating on PersonX for two years. 1.02 2.45
Mickelberg Person X declined a high-paying job with a weapons manufacturing company because they didn’t believe in what the company stood for. 2.27 3.45
Mickelberg Person X drove across the country just to see a friend who had recently lost his wife. 3.04 2.86
Mickelberg Person X took public transport so their sister could use their car to get to work safely. 2.58 2.45
Mickelberg Person X didn’t go to a concert they had been looking forward to because their mother was ill. 2.54 2.45
Mickelberg Person X helped a neighbor move a piano into his second floor apartment. 2.35 2.45
Mickelberg Person X laughed at a friend’s joke even though it wasn’t funny. 0.87 0.45
Mickelberg Person X shaved their head when they found out their partner had cancer and required radiation therapy. 2.46 2.45
Mickelberg Person X set up a cat trap because they love to catch and torture animals. -3.7 -3.99
Mickelberg Person X kicked their pet dog hard in the head because it didn’t come when called. -3.31 -3.99
Mickelberg Person X shook a crying baby so hard while babysitting that it suffered brain damage and nearly died. -3.55 -4
Mickelberg Person X joined the military because they wanted to see what it was like to kill people. -3.14 -3.45
Mickelberg Person X loosened the wheel nuts of their neighbor’s car, because the neighbor always played loud music. -3.16 -3.45
Mickelberg Person X worked in a factory and put broken glass in packets of children’s cereal. -3.72 -3.99
Mickelberg Person X set fire to the community hall in the middle of the night. -3.67 -3.99
Mickelberg Person X could have saved the life of a man stabbed in a dark alley but couldn’t be bothered calling an ambulance. -3.2 -3.45
Mickelberg Person X took performance-enhancing drugs in order to win a race. -2.64 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X presented their colleague’s idea as their own in order to get a promotion. -2.86 -3.45
Mickelberg Person X stole the collection tin of a blind beggar on the street. -3.38 -3.99
Mickelberg Person X failed a student because they were African American. -3.5 -4
Mickelberg Person X was in a car accident but drove off before they could see if anyone was injured. -3.07 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X punched a woman for wearing a hijab because PersonX thinks they should not be allowed in this country. -3.42 -3.99
Mickelberg Person X embezzled money from a charity to feed their gambling habit. -3.36 -3.99
Mickelberg Person X left their children alone in the car for two hours while they went to have a drink on a hot day. -3.56 -3.45
Mickelberg Person X started a vicious rumor about their ex-partner, saying that they had neglected their children when they were still married. -2.97 -3.45
Mickelberg Person X left the family business to set up their own business, taking most of the clients with them and causing the family business to go bankrupt. -2.39 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X regularly cheats on their girlfriend when she is traveling for work. -3.09 -3.45
Mickelberg Person X released intimate photos of their ex-partner to their friends and then posted them to the internet. -3.23 -3.99
Mickelberg Person X burned their country’s flag because they don’t like their country. -1.37 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X yelled at an elderly person for walking too slowly and being in the way. -2.64 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X started a false rumor that their office colleague Mary used to be a sex worker. -3.09 -3.99
Mickelberg Person X tears out the last pages of library books to annoy future borrowers. -2.54 -3.45
Mickelberg Person X called a waitress ‘dummy’ and did not leave a tip, because they didn’t like her name. -2.98 -3.45
Mickelberg Person X was on a crowded bus and would not give up their seat to a pregnant woman when asked to. -2.23 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X scratched their neighbor’s expensive car with a key, as he always parked it at the front of PersonX’s house. -2.41 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X spat in a customer’s meal before serving it to him, because the customer had a stutter. -3.51 -3.99
Mickelberg Person X regularly steals office supplies from their job because they feel they deserve it. -2.01 -3.45
Mickelberg Person X found a wallet with $50 in it, took the money out and left the wallet on the floor. -2.35 -3.99
Mickelberg Person X cheated in a card game while playing with a group of their friends. -1.91 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X bribed a landlord to be the first to get their apartment repainted. -1.51 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X pretended to be seriously fouled by an opposing player during a soccer game. -1.43 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X closed the elevator door before an elderly neighbor could get in. -2.08 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X broke a friend’s expensive vase and refused to pay to replace it. -2.34 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X broke off all communication with their family for a while because they had a heated argument with each other. -0.38 -1.45
Mickelberg Person X had an affair with their best friend’s wife. -3.4 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X said it was their friend who had driven into the neighbor’s letterbox even though they did it themselves. -2.67 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X told a coworker that PersonX’s brother was HIV-positive, a secret that their brother had told them in confidence. -2.78 -3.45
Mickelberg Person X did not attend their coworker’s funeral because they’d had a disagreement before the coworker died. -1.4 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X promised to look after their elderly mother’s dog but then secretly sold it as soon as their mother moved into the nursing home. -2.96 -3.45
Mickelberg Person X left their long-term band as soon as an opportunity came up to play with a more successful band. -0.81 -1.45
Mickelberg Person X brought in the groceries from the car and dropped one of the bags, which caused the eggs to break. 0.07 -0.45
Mickelberg Person X walked into the street without checking for oncoming traffic. -0.72 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X ordered their favorite dish from a Chinese restaurant. 0.22 0.45
Mickelberg Person X likes to go to their local café and sip coffee while reading the newspaper. 0.29 0.99
Mickelberg Person X went to purchase a new pair of shoes but couldn’t find any that were comfortable. 0.21 0
Mickelberg Person X sneezed loudly in an important meeting. -0.11 -1.45
Mickelberg Person X told the children to be quiet in the library. 0.57 2.45
Mickelberg Person X was singing loudly to their favorite song in the car. 0.49 0.45
Mickelberg Person X ate their lunch and went back to work with food stuck in their teeth. -0.02 -1.45
Mickelberg Person X took their nephew to the fair and bought some cotton candy. 1.59 2.45
Mickelberg Person X hailed a bus and asked the bus driver which stop was the closest stop to get to the city. 0.23 0.99
Mickelberg Person X once spent a whole weekend watching furniture restoration videos on the Internet. 0.15 0.14
Mickelberg Person X won the door prize at the town’s community fair. 0.44 1.45
Mickelberg Person X buys a loaf of bread every day, as they love the smell of freshly baked bread in the morning. 0.2 1.45
Mickelberg Person X put on a suit and wore their lucky socks in preparation for a job interview. 0.47 1.45
Mickelberg Person X ordered pizza while at their friend’s farewell party. 0.61 0.99
Mickelberg Person X went to a friend’s house to play a card game. 0.44 0.99
Mickelberg Person X ran out of paint when painting their home and had to go the hardware store. 0.15 0.14
Mickelberg Person X was running late so they drove to work rather than taking the bus. 0.4 -0.45
Mickelberg Person X walks to work through the park each day, as they enjoy listening to the birds. 0.81 1.45
Mickelberg Person X cleaned the bookshelf and picked up some items that had dropped onto the floor. 1 2.45
Mickelberg Person X went to the nearby airport, as they like to watch the planes. 0.15 0.45
Mickelberg Person X often sings along to the songs that they are listening to. 0.36 0.45
Mickelberg Person X arrived at the art exhibition early so they could view the collection before it got too busy. 0.62 0.99
Mickelberg Person X did really well at the quiz night. 0.41 0.45
Mickelberg Person X always wins at Trivial Pursuit. 0.16 0.45
Mickelberg Person X received the employee of the month award at their work. 1.13 2.45
Mickelberg Person X is learning French as they always wanted to learn another language. 0.57 1.45
Mickelberg Person X did all the repair work on their car. 0.6 1.45
Mickelberg Person X won an award for ‘Best Newcomer’ at a local karaoke event. 0.45 2.45
Mickelberg Person X won a weightlifting contest at their gym, after placing second for the last three years. 0.41 2.45
Mickelberg Person X learned a secret prize-winning pie recipe from their grandmother before she died. 0.48 2.45
Mickelberg Person X can walk on their hands down a flight of stairs. 0.08 0.45
Mickelberg Person X was able to convince their boss that they were ready for a promotion at work. 0.52 1.45
Mickelberg Person X successfully remembered their coworkers’ overly complicated coffee orders without writing them down. 0.79 2.45
Mickelberg Person X played chess with their friend, winning the game. 0.3 0.45
Mickelberg Person X prepared a roast chicken and made the stuffing from scratch. 0.35 1.45
Mickelberg Person X accidentally knocked a glass off the table, but managed to catch it before it could smash on the floor. 0.5 2.45
Mickelberg Person X taught their nephew how to drive at the local shopping center car park, after the shops had shut. 1.43 2.45
Mickelberg Person X was the fastest runner when they were in high school. 0.16 0.45
Mickelberg Person X learned how to play the piano when they were a child. 0.51 0.45
Mickelberg Person X solved a crossword puzzle in the newspaper. 0.11 0.45
Mickelberg Person X tried to patch a puncture in the wheel of their bike but couldn’t, so they purchased a new tube instead. 0.34 1.45
Mickelberg Person X forgot to turn off the bath water, flooding the house. -0.41 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X forgot to put the alarm on when they were the last one to leave the office. -0.37 -0.45
Mickelberg Person X went to the supermarket but couldn’t remember what they needed to buy. 0.03 -0.02
Mickelberg Person X ordered a take-away coffee but spilled it when they tried to take a sip. 0.08 -0.45
Mickelberg Person X went to a fancy restaurant but couldn’t pronounce the items on the menu. 0.06 -0.45
Mickelberg Person X was unable to fix the dripping faucet so they had to call the plumber. 0.38 0.14
Mickelberg Person X was forced to pay multiple bank fees for not paying their credit card repayment on time. -0.4 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X drove their car the wrong way down a one-way street. -1.07 -2.45
Mickelberg Person X forgot to turn the stove off before leaving the house. -0.31 -1.45
Mickelberg Person X forgot to water their front garden causing the grass to turn brown. 0.02 -1.45
Mickelberg Person X always wrote things down as they would always forget things. 0.51 0.45
Mickelberg Person X did not meet their sales targets for the month at work. 0.06 -0.45
Mickelberg Person X disappointed their boss when they were unable to attract any new customers. 0.02 -1.45
Mickelberg Person X failed their driver’s license test for the fourth time. -0.07 -1.45
Mickelberg Person X arrived at the airport only to discover they had left their passport at home. 0.06 -1.45
Mickelberg Person X forgot it was their wedding anniversary and did not have a gift for their spouse. -0.76 -2.45
Cook Someone throws a kitten as part of a joke, causing it to yelp on impact -3.5 -3.99
Cook Someone posts a picture of a person on Twitter without their knowledge, making fun of their weighte -2.96 -3.45
Cook Someone creates an account on a website intended to help people commit adultery without their spouse’s knowledge -2.84 -3.99
Cook Someone tells a dirty joke at a holocaust memorial -2.72 -3.99
Cook Someone makes a post on Facebook about how people with disabilities are a drain on society -2.61 -3.99
Cook Someone disposes of a small bag of garbage by throwing it into a nearby forest -2.54 -2.45
Cook Someone makes an obscene gesture in a cemetery for military veterans -2.42 -3.45
Cook Someone yells at a server at a restaurant because their meal is late -2.35 -3.45
Cook Someone posts online about a private conversation they overheard containing what they consider ofensive humor, including a picture of those involved in the conversation -2.31 -2.45
Cook Someone makes a joke about how members of a specifc religious group are dumb -2.09 -3.45
Cook Someone participates in a non-violent white nationalist rally -1.86 -2.45
Cook Someone makes a post on Facebook about how worthless teachers are -1.85 -2.45
Cook Someone who is a United States citizen burns an American fag at a protest -1.73 -3.45
Cook Someone states that biological diferences between men and women make men better suited to do certain types of work and women better suited to do other types of work -1.71 -3.45
Cook Someone makes a post on Twitter making fun of police ofcers -1.59 -2.45
Cook Someone posts pornographic self-photography online -1.25 -3.99
Cook Someone posts on social media bragging about making out with multiple strangers the night before -1.22 -2.45
Cook Someone brags on social media about drinking excessively to the point of vomiting -1.19 -3.45
Cook Someone refuses to stand for the pledge of allegiance at a public event -1.13 0.45
Cook Someone makes a public online post making fun of their political party, saying they will support the opposing party’s candidate -0.74 -2.45
Clifford You see a teenage boy chuckling at an amputee he passes by while on the subway. -3.4 -2.45
Clifford You see a girl laughing at another student forgetting her lines at a school play. -2.4 -2.45
Clifford You see a woman commenting out loud about how fat another woman looks in her jeans. -3 -3.45
Clifford You see a man quickly canceling a blind date as soon as he sees the woman. -3 -2.45
Clifford You see a boy telling a woman that she looks just like her overweight bulldog. -3.3 -2.45
Clifford You see a girl laughing when she realizes her friend’s dad is the janitor. -2.9 -2.45
Clifford You see a man snickering as he passes by a cancer patient with a bald head. -3.4 -3.45
Clifford You see a girl saying that another girl is too ugly to be a varsity cheerleader. -2.8 -3.45
Clifford You see a teenage girl openly staring at a disfigured woman as she walks past. -2 -2.45
Clifford You see a boy making fun of his brother for getting dumped by his girlfriend. -2.2 -2.45
Clifford You see a man laughing at a disabled co-worker while at an office softball game. -3.5 -3.45
Clifford You see a man loudly telling his wife that the dinner she cooked tastes awful. -2.4 -2.45
Clifford You see a man telling a woman that her painting looks like it was done by children. -1.9 -2.45
Clifford You see a woman clearly avoiding sitting next to an obese woman on the bus. -2 -2.45
Clifford You see a girl telling a boy that his older brother is much more attractive than him. -1.4 -2.45
Clifford You see a girl telling her classmate that she looks like she has gained weight. -2.2 -3.45
Clifford You see a woman swerving her car in order to intentionally run over a squirrel. -3.2 -3.99
Clifford You see a woman throwing her cat across the room for scratching the furniture. -3.2 -3.99
Clifford You see a boy throwing rocks at cows that are grazing in the local pasture. -3.3 -3.45
Clifford You see a man lashing his pony with a whip for breaking loose from its pen. -2.9 -3.99
Clifford You see a boy setting a series of traps to kill stray cats in his neighborhood. -3.6 -3.99
Clifford You see a zoo trainer jabbing a dolphin to get it to entertain his customers. -3.2 -3.45
Clifford You see someone leaving his dog outside in the rain after it dug in the trash. -2.7 -2.45
Clifford You see a girl shooting geese repeatedly with a pellet gun out in the woods. -3 -3.45
Clifford You see a woman snatching away her dog’s food for making a mess in the living room. -2.2 -2.45
Clifford You see a woman throwing a stapler at her colleague who is snoring during her talk. -3 -3.45
Clifford You see a teacher hitting a student’s hand with a ruler for falling asleep in class. -2.7 -3.99
Clifford You see a woman slapping another woman who she is arguing with in the parking lot. -2.8 -3.45
Clifford You see a girl throwing her hot coffee on a woman who is dating her ex-boyfriend -3.3 -3.45
Clifford You see a wife hitting her husband on the side of his head for coming home late. -2.9 -3.99
Clifford You see a boy placing a thumbtack sticking up on the chair of another student. -2.8 -2.45
Clifford You see a woman spanking her child with a spatula for getting bad grades in school. -2.6 -3.99
Clifford You see a student copying a classmate’s answer sheet on a makeup final exam. -3.4 -3.45
Clifford You see a runner taking a shortcut on the course during the marathon in order to win. -3.4 -2.45
Clifford You see a tenant bribing a landlord to be the first to get their apartment repainted. -2.2 -3.45
Clifford You see a soccer player pretending to be seriously fouled by an opposing player. -2.5 -2.45
Clifford You see someone cheating in a card game while playing with a group of strangers. -2.6 -2.45
Clifford You see a professor giving a bad grade to a student just because he dislikes him. -3.7 -3.99
Clifford You see a referee intentionally making bad calls that help his favored team win. -3 -3.45
Clifford You see a manager taking half the doughnuts from a box, leaving little for others. -2 -2.45
Clifford You see a judge taking on a criminal case although he is friends with the defendant. -3.1 -2.45
Clifford You see a student getting an A on a group project when he didn’t do his part. -2.8 -2.45
Clifford You see an employee lying about how many hours she worked during the week. -2.9 -2.45
Clifford You see a woman getting hired only because her father is close friends with the boss. -2.4 -2.45
Clifford You see a girl asking for allowance even though her brother did her chores for her. -2.7 -2.45
Clifford You see a girl taking all the Halloween candy from a bowl, leaving none for others. -2.5 -3.45
Clifford You see a politician using federal tax dollars to build an extension on his home. -3.8 -3.99
Clifford You see a boy skipping to the front of the line because his friend is an employee. -2.4 -2.45
Clifford You see a woman lying about the number of vacation days she has taken at work. -2.2 -2.45
Clifford You see an employee joking with competitors about how bad his company did last year. -2 -2.45
Clifford You see a coach celebrating with the opposing team’s players who just won the game. -1.8 2.45
Clifford You see a former US General saying publicly he would never buy any American product. -2.5 -2.45
Clifford You see a mayor saying that the neighboring town is a much better town. -1.6 -1.45
Clifford You see the US Ambassador joking in Great Britain about the stupidity of Americans. -2.8 -2.45
Clifford You see a man leaving his family business to go work for their main competitor. -1.7 -1.45
Clifford You see a teacher publicly saying she hopes another school wins the math contest. -1.9 -2.45
Clifford You see a head cheerleader booing her high school’s team during a homecoming game. -2.3 -2.45
Clifford You see the class president saying on TV that her rival college is a better school. -1.4 0.45
Clifford You see a Hollywood star agreeing with a foreign dictator’s denunciation of the US. -2.2 -2.45
Clifford You see a college president singing a rival school’s fight song during a pep rally. -1.7 -1.45
Clifford You see a man secretly voting against his wife in a local beauty pageant. -1.9 -2.45
Clifford You see an American telling foreigners that the US is an evil force in the world. -2.7 -2.45
Clifford You see the coach’s wife sponsoring a bake sale for her husband’s rival team. -1.5 2.45
Clifford You see a former Secretary of State publicly giving up his citizenship to the US. -2.1 -2.45
Clifford You see a US swimmer cheering as a Chinese foe beats his teammate to win the gold. -1.8 0.45
Clifford You see a girl ignoring her father’s orders by taking the car after her curfew. -2.5 -2.45
Clifford You see a woman refusing to stand when the judge walks into the courtroom. -2 -2.45
Clifford You see a girl repeatedly interrupting her teacher as he explains a new concept. -2 -2.45
Clifford You see a woman spray painting graffiti across the steps of the local courthouse. -3.3 -3.45
Clifford You see an intern disobeying an order to dress professionally and comb his hair. -1.9 -2.45
Clifford You see a man turn his back and walk away while his boss questions his work. -2.1 -1.45
Clifford You see a staff member talking loudly and interrupting the mayor’s speech to the public. -2.8 -2.45
Clifford You see a teenage girl coming home late and ignoring her parents’ strict curfew. -2.3 -2.45
Clifford You see a boy spray-painting anarchy symbols on the side of the police station. -2.9 -3.45
Clifford You see an employee trying to undermine all of her boss’ ideas in front of others. -2.6 -2.45
Clifford You see a teaching assistant talking back to the teacher in front of the classrom. -2.5 -2.45
Clifford You see a group of women having a long and loud conversation during a church sermon. -2.8 -1.45
Clifford You see a star player ignoring her coach’s order to come to the bench during a game. -2.1 -2.45
Clifford You see a player publicly yelling at his soccer coach during a playoff game. -2.1 -2.45
Clifford You see a man secretly watching sports on his cell phone during a pastor’s sermon. -1.8 -2.45
Clifford You see a boy turning up the TV as his father talks about his military service. -2.1 -1.45
Clifford You see a student stating that her professor is a fool during an afternoon class. -2 -2.45
Clifford You see a man having sex with a frozen chicken before cooking it for dinner. -3 -3.99
Clifford You see a very drunk woman making out with multiple strangers on the city bus. -3 -2.45
Clifford You see a family eating the carcass of their pet dog that had been run over. -3.2 -3.99
Clifford You see a drunk elderly man offering to have oral sex with anyone in the bar. -3.4 -3.99
Clifford You see a teenager urinating in the wave pool at a crowded amusement park. -3.4 -2.45
Clifford You see a man in a bar using his phone to watch people having sex with animals. -3.3 -3.99
Clifford You see a teenage male in a dorm bathroom secretly using a stranger’s toothbrush. -2.6 -3.99
Clifford You see a woman having intimate relations with a recently deceased loved one. -3.3 -3.99
Clifford You see a homosexual in a gay bar offering sex to anyone who buys him a drink. -2.6 -2.45
Clifford You see an employee at a morgue eating his pepperoni pizza off of a dead body. -3.2 -3.99
Clifford You see a girl and her sister making out with each other just for practice. -2.8 -2.45
Clifford You see a story about a remote tribe eating the flesh of their deceased members. -2.3 -3.45
Clifford You see a woman burping and farting loudly while eating at a fast food truck. -2.1 -2.45
Clifford You see a man searching through the trash to find women’s discarded underwear. -3 -3.99
Clifford You see two first cousins getting married to each other in an elaborate wedding. -2.7 0
Clifford You see a single man ordering an inflatable sex doll that looks like his secretary. -1.5 -2.45
Clifford You see a college student drinking until she vomits on herself and falls asleep. -2.3 -3.99
Clifford You see a man telling his fiance that she has to switch to his political party. -2.9 -2.45
Clifford You see a father requiring his son to become a commercial airline pilot like him. -1.9 -1.45
Clifford You see a man blocking his wife from leaving home or interacting with others. -3.3 -3.99
Clifford You see a manager coercing her employees into eating at her brother’s diner. -2.2 -2.45
Clifford You see a man telling his girlfriend that she must convert to his religion. -2.5 -3.45
Clifford You see a mother telling her son that she is going to choose all of his friends. -2.2 -2.45
Clifford You see a man forbidding his wife to wear clothing that he has not first approved. -3.1 -3.99
Clifford You see a boss ordering an employee to revoke his citizenship in his home country. -3.3 -3.99
Clifford You see a boss pressuring employees to buy goods from her family’s general store. -2.7 -3.45
Clifford You see a woman pressuring her daughter to become a famous evening news anchor. -1.5 -2.45
Clifford You see a public leader on TV trying to ban the wearing of hooded sweatshirts. -2.7 -2.45
Clifford You see a mother forcing her daughter to enroll as a pre-med student in college. -2.3 -2.45
Clifford You see a father requiring his son to take up the family restaurant business. -1.5 0.45
Clifford You see a teacher ordering a student to get a normal haircut before coming to class. -2.8 -2.45
Clifford You see a teenager at a cafeteria forcing a younger student to pay for her lunch. -3 -3.45
Clifford You see a mayor trying to ban people from hugging and kissing in public in his city. -3.2 -2.45
Clifford You see a pastor banning his congregants from wearing bright colors in the church. -2.6 -2.45
Clifford You see someone using an old rotary phone and refusing to go buy a new one. 0 -0.45
Clifford You see a man staying inside his home with the shades drawn on a rare sunny day. -0.1 -0.02
Clifford You see a woman drinking her entire cup of coffee using a stirring spoon. -0.2 0.14
Clifford You see a woman eating dessert before her main entree arrives on the table. -0.2 0
Clifford You see a woman continuing to wear a large sun hat inside her apartment complex. -0.2 0
Clifford You see someone at the school gym lifting free weights in nice business clothes. -0.2 0
Clifford You see a man eating a bowl of cereal in the morning with water instead of milk. -0.1 0.14
Clifford You see a woman using a fork to eat a bowl of vanilla ice cream and marshmallows. -0.1 0
Clifford You see a man putting ketchup all over his chicken Caesar salad while at lunch. -0.2 -0.45
Clifford You see a man wearing clothes that are clearly several sizes too big for his body. -0.3 -0.02
Clifford You see a man walking down a dark hallway while still wearing his sunglasses. -0.2 -0.02
Clifford You see someone driving around in a dirty car that has not been washed recently. -0.2 -0.02
Clifford You see a woman watching a game on television in black-and-white instead of color. -0.1 -0.02
Clifford You see someone reading the ending of a spy novel before reading the beginning. -0.2 -0.45
Clifford You see a teenage girl wearing a long trench coat on a hot summer afternoon. -0.2 -0.02
Clifford You see a woman answering a phone call with the word “goodbye” instead of “hello. -0.5 -0.02
Effron Attempted to rape a woman who was walking down a dark street -3.712 -4
Effron Hit a car and left the scene of the accident -3.576 -3.99
Effron Sells drugs to high school sudents -3.432 -4
Effron Stole money and jewelry from the relatives he was living with -3.408 -3.99
Effron Put sugar in his friend’s gas tank -3.336 -3.99
Effron Ridiculed a handicapped child by making fun of him -3.296 -3.99
Effron Insulted a stranger by making a racial slur -3.288 -4
Effron Hit a dog and drove away without notifying the owner -3.2 -3.99
Effron Scratched a stranger’s car with his key -3.152 -3.45
Effron Tricked a stay at home mom into donating to a fake charity -3.088 -3.99
Effron Kicked a stray cat to get it to leave his yard -3.048 -3.45
Effron Put a roach down another person’s shirt -3.04 -3.99
Effron Refused to hold the door for a man in a wheelchair -3.008 -2.45
Effron Lied to his girlfriend about not having other dates -2.984 -2.45
Effron Shot a songbird with his .22 caliber rifle -2.944 -3.99
Effron Was arrested on suspicion of child beating -2.92 -3.99
Effron Beat up someone smaller than him -2.896 -3.99
Effron Turned in someone else’s project under his own name -2.88 -3.99
Effron Continually berated his wife in public -2.856 -3.99
Effron Shoved a man who was passing out leaflets -2.824 -2.45
Effron Provoked a stranger into a fight -2.816 -3.45
Effron Kicked his dog for eating cheese on the edge of the table -2.8 -3.99
Effron Intentionally swerved his car to hit a squirrel -2.8 -3.99
Effron Tripped someone in the hall -2.776 -3.45
Effron Siphoned gas from a car parked on the street -2.728 -3.45
Effron Broke a friend’s phone and neither apologized or replaced it -2.688 -3.45
Effron Started a false rumor about someone -2.672 -3.99
Effron Pulled the seat out from underneath somebody -2.648 -3.45
Effron Loudly criticized the art at a community children’s art show -2.48 -2.45
Effron Smoked in a no-smoking section even though others complained -2.424 -2.45
Effron Refused to give his seat on the bus to an elderly woman -2.37647056 -2.45
Effron Used stolen food stamps -2.37333336 -3.99
Effron Swore at a cashier who made an error on his bill -2.34666672 -2.45
Effron Spat off the balcony at the theater -2.3 -3.45
Effron Defaced a large rock with spray paint in a public park -2.27027032 -3.45
Effron Heckled a woman speaking on human rights -2.25454544 -3.45
Effron Made an obscene gesture at an old lady -2.18181816 -3.99
Effron Laughed at a little-league player who ran slowly -2.16 -3.45
Effron Returned a birthday gift because it was too cheap -2.06896552 -2.45
Effron Ignored a woman’s cry for help in lifting a baby carriage -2.06896552 -3.45
Effron Ate all the food before anyone else could have any -2.05333328 -3.45
Effron Pulled his dog’s tail -2.03428576 -2.45
Effron Laughed at a person who tripped on a curb and fell -2.0121212 -2.45
Effron Criticized an old woman for being too slow -1.96129032 -2.45
Effron Stole into a parking place while someone else was backing in -1.93846152 -2.45
Effron Pushed into the front of a line at a theater -1.91111104 -2.45
Effron Stole Halloween candy -1.88571432 -3.45
Effron Told a colleague in public that she should lose weight -1.83783776 -3.45
Effron Ridicules people behind their backs -1.83783776 -2.45
Effron Refused to loan class notes to a friend who had been ill -1.75135136 -2.45
Effron Took the neighbor’s newspaper -1.73714296 -2.45
Effron Loudly talked to a companion in a movie -1.70666672 -1.45
Effron Cut out articles from library journals -1.66857144 -2.45
Effron Didn’t leave a tip at the restaurant -1.6571428 -2.45
Effron Yelled at the delivery man because he was late -1.6 -2.45
Effron Got into a fight in a bar with an acquaintance -1.6 -2.45
Effron Slammed the door in the face of a charity collector -1.5783784 -2.45
Effron Threw an acquaintance out of his home for disagreeing with him -1.5428572 -3.45
Effron Drove through a puddle, splashing some pedestrians -1.52941176 -2.45
Effron Used bad language in front of children -1.45454552 -2.45
Effron Laughed at a question asked by a classmate -1.43333328 -2.45
Effron Ignored a new person in the office for several weeks -1.38823528 -2.45
Effron Refused to help a child fix his bicycle -1.3473684 -2.45
Effron Closed the elevator door before anyone else could get on -1.3473684 -2.45
Effron Started an argument with a coworker -1.33333328 -2.45
Effron Refused to answer the door for an indisposed roommate -1.29411768 -2.45
Effron Let his dog go to the bathroom on the neighbor’s yard -1.29032256 -2.45
Effron Sat in the wrong seat at a game, knowing that it wasn’t his -1.13103448 -1.45
Effron Made a prank phone call -1.09714288 -2.45
Effron Ignored a neighbor’s request to borrow some tools -0.89523808 -2.45
Effron Demanded a refund at a restaurant for slow service -0.8432432 -1.45
Effron Was irritated when a neighbor asked to borrow some milk -0.8363636 -1.45
Effron Failed to return a borrowed book for months -0.82352944 -2.45
Effron Refused to attend the funeral of a relative he disliked -0.71111112 -2.45
Effron Told a joke about a nun on a train -0.575 -1.45
Effron Refused to let the neighborhood children play in his yard -0.484848496 -2.45
Effron Could not remember the birthdays of his family members -0.45 -1.45
Effron Refused to help a classmate with a homework assignment -0.425 -2.45
Effron Ignored his old girlfriend at a party -0.23783784 -2.45
Effron Filed a complaint against some teenagers for trespassing 0.117073168 1.45
Effron Turned the lights off in a parked car 0.4 -0.14
Effron Went to the grocery store with his kids 0.41904764 1.45
Effron Laughed at a friend’s joke even though it wasn’t funny 0.583783768 -0.45
Effron Complimented coworkers on their clothing and appearance 1.17894736 1.45
Effron Always remembers the birthdays of friends and relatives 1.225 2.45
Effron Worked in a state park for a summer 1.24137936 2.45
Effron Took a friend out for a beer to celebrate his promotion 1.48571424 2.45
Effron Talked to a lonely child at the company picnic for an hour 1.6571428 3.99
Effron Let a civic group hold weekly meetings in his home 1.66486496 2.45
Effron Kept the music down for his roommates 1.69411776 2.45
Effron Stopped to let another car into the line of traffic 1.70666672 2.45
Effron Doesn’t smoke in other people’s apartments 1.725 1.45
Effron Tried to involve a shy friend in social activities 1.75483872 2.45
Effron Invited an unpopular coworker to go to lunch with him 1.825 2.45
Effron Gave someone directions 1.83529416 1.45
Effron Helped pick up the papers dropped by another 1.83529416 2.45
Effron Circulated a petition in support of equal pay for women 1.88888896 3.75
Effron Smiled and greeted people while walking down the street 1.90769232 1.45
Effron Gave a beggar a five-dollar bill at Christmas time 1.93103448 2.45
Effron Sang at a prison in order to entertain the inmates 1.93684216 2.45
Effron Helped a neighbor move his piano 1.9636364 2.45
Effron Had a welcoming party for some new neighbors 1.97777784 2.45
Effron Offered to show a new student around campus after class 2.04799992 2.45
Effron Spent time one summer teaching his daughter to play baseball 2.06666664 2.45
Effron Allowed an evicted friend to stay with him temporarily 2.125 2.45
Effron Gave a stranded motorist a lift to the service station 2.2193548 3.75
Effron Volunteered to stay late to help a coworker 2.23529416 2.86
Effron Translated menu items for a foreigner in a restaurant 2.24516128 2.45
Effron Left food out for stray dogs 2.24864864 2.45
Effron Put money in the meter for an unknown driver 2.25454544 2.45
Effron Bought food for everyone in the office 2.27692296 2.45
Effron Visited a sick friend in the hospital 2.28571432 2.45
Effron Paid for a friend’s dinner 2.30857144 2.45
Effron Lent money to a friend in a financial crisis 2.4 2.45
Effron Helped an older man carry his luggage to his car 2.4 3.75
Effron Fixed a friend’s broken laptop 2.4 2.45
Effron Went out of his way to help a foreigner find the bus station 2.4242424 3.45
Effron Provided books to a nursing home 2.425 3.45
Effron Shared his umbrella with someone during the rain 2.43076912 2.45
Effron Picked up a child so that she could see the parade 2.45161288 3.75
Effron Offered to help a neighbor fix a fence 2.53333336 2.45
Effron Volunteered his time for a campaign to help save the seals 2.62222216 3.45
Effron Volunteered to help renovate a church 2.62857152 2.45
Effron Gave his seat to someone on the crowded bus 2.64242424 2.45
Effron Went to the grocery store for his sick wife 2.675 2.45
Effron Gave money to charity 2.6971428 3.75
Effron Helped a neighbor fix his roof 2.7 2.45
Effron Participated in an effort to clean up a city park 2.72000008 3.45
Effron Comforted a man whose wife had recently died 2.7428572 3.99
Effron Rescued an injured kitten from a tree 2.7428572 3.99
Effron Stayed up late helping his child with homework 2.74871792 2.45
Effron Told the owner of a store that she gave him too much change 2.75789472 3.99
Effron Made breakfast for his wife on her birthday 2.7636364 2.45
Effron Offered to help an elderly neighbor paint his house 2.84210528 2.86
Effron Helped push someone’s car out of a snow bank 2.86666664 3.45
Effron Gave his balloon to a child who had let hers go 2.91612912 3.45
Effron Gave out toys to the Children’s Hospital at Christmas 2.925 3.95
Effron Visited a nursing home to cheer up the patients 2.95555552 3.75
Effron Gave his coat to someone when it was cold 3.04 3.45
Effron Volunteered several hours a week at a runaway shelter 3.04444448 3.99
Effron Worked on a campaign to release prisoners of war 3.0588236 3.75
Effron Found an expensive briefcase and tried to locate its owner 3.07096768 3.45
Effron Helped an elderly woman put in storm windows 3.1304348 3.75
Effron Worked all summer to give his parents a trip to Hawaii 3.13684216 3.75
Effron Helped a man in a wheelchair cross a busy intersection 3.16279064 3.75
Effron Spent time voluntarily tutoring disadvantaged students 3.2 3.99
Effron Provided food and clothing for flood victims 3.22666664 3.99
Effron Gave food to the needy 3.23076936 3.75
Effron Helped a lost child find her parents in a store 3.25333328 3.95
Effron Volunteered his time as a big brother to a fatherless child 3.31851848 3.99
Grizzard Rescues a local child in danger instead of firing on an enemy brigade. 2.893333333 3.99
Grizzard Calls off an airstrike because he sees civilians present. 2.853333333 3.75
Grizzard Offers food and water to a wounded enemy combatant. 2.826666667 3.75
Grizzard Disarms an enemy combatant without killing him. 2.173333333 2.45
Grizzard Refuses to fire into a crowd to stop an enemy combatant. 2.133333333 3.99
Grizzard Captures instead of kills a child soldier. 2.04 2.45
Grizzard Intentionally wounds rather than kills a fleeing enemy combatant. 1.026666667 -2.45
Grizzard Throws a grenade into a bunker to flush out enemies. -0.2133333333 -3.45
Grizzard Accidentally wounds a young soldier when firing a warning shot. -0.4933333333 -2.45
Grizzard Pushes an enemy combatant off a one-story balcony. -1.013333333 -2.45
Grizzard Threatens to withhold aid from a local village to gain intelligence. -1.16 -3.45
Grizzard Cuts the beard off of a local elder to shame him. -1.48 -3.99
Grizzard Breaks the hand of a wounded combatant to gain information. -1.546666667 -3.99
Grizzard Fires teargas into a crowd of civilians. -1.626666667 -3.99
Grizzard Threatens to kill a farmer to gain information. -1.666666667 -3.99
Grizzard Makes a group of POWs strip naked and lay on top of each other. -2.08 -4
Grizzard Burns a local village’s crops after they don’t cooperate. -2.146666667 -3.99
Grizzard Executes a squad of surrendering enemy troops. -2.56 -3.99

5. Tuning dataset for in-context examples (different from the test set):

Dataset Situation Human rating
Mickelberg Person X pushed an amputee in front of a train because the amputee made them feel uncomfortable. -3.78
Mickelberg Person X ignored a new person in the office because they thought the new person was Jewish. -3.07
Mickelberg Person X smeared dog poo on their colleague’s chair and laughed uncontrollably when their colleague sat on it. -2.54
Mickelberg Person X heckled a stranger and made cruel remarks just because the stranger was overweight. -2.83
Mickelberg Person X pushed in front of another patron in the line at a theater. -1.8
Mickelberg Person X got a friend to fix their gutters and promised guitar lessons in return, but never honored the promise. -1.96
Mickelberg Person X forgot they had to attend their niece’s dance concert that evening. -0.44
Mickelberg Person X never learned how to ride a bicycle. -0.01
Mickelberg Person X has memorized three of Shakespeare’s plays. 0.28
Mickelberg Person X locked their keys in the house and had to call a locksmith. 0.19
Mickelberg Person X learned an impressive dance routine in preparation for a friend’s wedding. 1.02
Mickelberg Person X went skydiving despite their intense fear of heights because it was their sister’s wish to do it together. 1.52
Mickelberg Person X repaid a loan of $100 that their friend had lent them, even though the friend did not remember it. 2.98
Mickelberg Person X saw someone across the road drop a stack of papers, so they crossed the road to help. 2.61
Mickelberg Person X donated a kidney to a work colleague who would die without it, as they were a perfect match. 3.51
Mickelberg Person X pulled over on a busy highway on a rainy day to help a stranger change his flat tire. 3.17
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